Oligonucleotides useful in methods for detecting and characterizing Aspergillus fumigatus

ABSTRACT

Oligonucleotides and methods for using these oligonucleotides in the detection of  Aspergillus fumigatus  are disclosed.  Aspergillus fumigatus  is the causative agent for medical conditions including invasive aspergillosis. The oligonucleotides of the invention have nucleotide sequences derived from the gene encoding the cytochrome P450 14 alpha-sterol demethylase (i.e., the Cyp51A protein) of  Aspergillus fumigatus . The oligonucleotides of the invention include forward primers and reverse primers which in combination are capable of priming the synthesis of amplicons specific to cyp51A in polymerase chain reactions using nucleic acids isolated from  Aspergillus fumigatus  as templates. The oligonucleotides of the invention also include probes capable of detecting these cyp51A-specific amplicons. Thus, a biological sample is tested for the presence of  Aspergillus fumigatus  by isolating nucleic acid from the sample, conducting a polymerase chain reaction in a mixture containing this nucleic acid and these forward and reverse primers, and then determining, using an oligonucleotide probe, whether an amplicon is produced in the mixture, wherein detection of the amplicon indicates the presence of  Aspergillus fumigatus  in the sample. The oligonucleotides of the invention also include primers for nucleotide sequencing reactions to determine whether an isolate of  Aspergillus fumigatus  is more tolerant than wild-type  Aspergillus fumigatus  to a triazole, which is a compound commonly used as an antifungal drug. Specifically, a strand of a cyp51A-specific amplicon is at least partially sequenced using a nucleotide sequencing primer in a primer extension reaction. Identification of mutations giving rise to amino acid substitutions at positions 54, 138, 220, and 448 of the amino acid sequence of the wild-type Cyp51A protein indicates that the isolate of  Aspergillus fumigatus  from which the amplicon is derived exhibits decreased susceptibility to at least one triazole.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit, under 35 U.S.C. 119(e), to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/636,133, entitled “A Method for Detecting Triazole Resistant-Aspergillus Fumigatus,” filed on Dec. 15, 2004, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is broadly concerned with oligonucleotides useful in methods for detecting and characterizing Aspergillus fumigatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to oligonucleotides having nucleotide sequences derived from the gene encoding the cytochrome P450 14 alpha-sterol demethylase (i.e., the Cyp51A protein) of Aspergillus fumigatus, wherein these oligonucleotides are useful as forward and reverse primers for a polymerase chain reaction using nucleic acids from a biological sample as a template, as probes for detecting any resultant cyp51A-specific amplicon indicating the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus in the sample, and as nucleotide sequencing primers for detecting cyp51A mutations responsible for increased tolerance or resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus, relative to wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, to at least one triazole.

2. Description of the Related Art

Aspergillus fumigatus is the causative agent for medical conditions including invasive aspergillosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The survival of such patients depends on early diagnosis and prompt initiation of effective antifungal treatment (see Latge, 1999, Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12:310-350; and Marr et al., 2002, Aspergillosis. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapy. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 16:875-894). Azole-based compounds (e.g., triazoles) are the most commonly used antifungal drugs. The target for these compounds is the Cyp51A protein. This protein is involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, which is a bulk sterol component of fungal cell membranes (see Vanden Bossche, 1985, Biochemical targets for antifungal azole derivatives: hypothesis on the mode of action. Current Topics in Medical Mycology 1:313-351).

Unfortunately, conventional laboratory tests for the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as culture and galactomannan detection, lack sensitivity, and are rarely conclusive, resulting in true positive results only at advanced stages of infection or necessitating invasive procedures for formal microbiological evaluation (see Denning, 1998, Invasive aspergillosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 26:781-803; and Latge, 1999, Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12:310-350). Furthermore, the emergence of clinical resistance to azole-based drugs impedes successful treatment of infection by Aspergillus fumigatus (see Denning et al., 1997, Itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41:1364-1368; Mar et al., 2002, Aspergillosis, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapy. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 16:875-894; and Steinbach et al., 2003, Review of newer antifungal and immunomodulatory strategies for invasive aspergillosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 37 Supplement 3:S157-S187).

For example, isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus exhibiting increased tolerance to triazoles, relative to wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, have been identified. Each of these isolates was found to have a mutation in cyp51A responsible for an amino acid substitution at position 54, 138, 220, or 448 of the Cyp51A protein, wherein each of these amino acid substitutions gave rise to the reduced triazole susceptibility. (see Mann et al., 2003, Mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus resulting in reduced susceptibility to posaconazole appear to be restricted to a single amino acid in the cytochrome P450 14 alpha-demethylase. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47:577-581; Nascimento et al., 2003, Multiple resistance mechanisms among Aspergillus fumigatus mutants with high-level resistance to itraconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47:1719-1726; Diaz-Guerra et al., 2003, A point mutation in the 14 alpha-sterol demethylase gene cyp51A contributes to itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47:1120-1124; Xiao et al., 2004, Three-dimensional models of wild-type and mutated forms of cytochrome P450 14 alpha-sterol demethylases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans provide insights into posaconazole binding. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48:568-574; and Mellado et al., 2004, Substitutions at methionine 220 in the 14 alpha-sterol demethylase (Cyp51A) of Aspergillus fumigatus are responsible for resistance in vitro to azole antifungal drugs. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48:2747-2750).

Thus, there exists a critical need to develop techniques to facilitate the early and reliable diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by detecting the causative agent Aspergillus fumigatus in an infected patient, and to ascertain whether treating this patient with a triazole would be effective by determining whether the infecting Aspergillus fumigatus encodes a Cyp51A protein having one or more of the above-noted amino acid substitutions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION General Overview of the Present Invention

The aforementioned drawbacks in the detection of Aspergillus fumigatus and in the treatment of infection by Aspergillus fumigatus with a triazole are avoided by the present invention. Specifically, this invention is directed to particular oligonucleotides and to combinations of these oligonucleotides, wherein the combinations are useful in a first method for determining whether a sample contains Aspergillus fumigatus, and second, third, fourth, and fifth methods for determining whether a particular isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole (e.g., itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, or voriconazole) than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus.

More specifically, the oligonucleotides of the present invention include forward primers and reverse primers for generating amplicons specific to nucleic acids encoding Cyp51A proteins of Aspergillus fumigatus, probes for detecting these amplicons, and nucleotide sequencing primers for detecting mutations responsible for amino acid substitutions at positions 54, 138, 220, and 448 of the Cyp51A protein of wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, wherein these mutations give rise to increased tolerance or resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus to at least one triazole. The second, third, fourth, and fifth methods of the present invention are respectively directed to detection of the amino acid substitutions at positions 54, 138, 220, and 448 of the Cyp51A protein.

An isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus if (a) amino acid 54 of SEQ ID NO:2 is not Gly and is, e.g., Arg, Glu, Lys, Trp, or Val, (b) amino acid 138 of SEQ ID NO:3 is not Gly and is, e.g., Arg, (c) amino acid 220 of SEQ ID NO:4 is not Met and is, e.g., Val, Lys, or Thr, and (d) amino acid 448 of SEQ ID NO:5 is not Gly, and is, e.g., Ser.

The Sequence Listing of the Present Invention

SEQ ID NO:1 is the amino acid sequence of the Cyp51A protein of wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, while SEQ ID NO:6 is a sense-strand nucleotide sequence encoding this Cyp51A protein and SEQ ID NO:7 is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid sequence of a Cyp51A protein of Aspergillus fumigatus in which amino acid 54 is Xaa, wherein Xaa is any naturally occurring amino acid, while SEQ ID NO:8 is a sense-strand nucleotide sequence encoding this Cyp51A protein and SEQ ID NO:9 is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the amino acid sequence of a Cyp51A protein of Aspergillus fumigatus in which amino acid 138 is Xaa, while SEQ ID NO:10 is a sense-strand nucleotide sequence encoding this Cyp51A protein and SEQ ID NO:11 is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the amino acid sequence of a Cyp51A protein of Aspergillus fumigatus in which amino acid 220 is Xaa, while SEQ ID NO:12 is a sense-strand nucleotide sequence encoding this Cyp51A protein and SEQ ID NO:13 is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid sequence of a Cyp51A protein of Aspergillus fumigatus in which amino acid 448 is Xaa, while SEQ ID NO:14 is a sense-strand nucleotide sequence encoding this Cyp51A protein and SEQ ID NO:15 is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.

Each of SEQ ID NO:16 through SEQ ID NO:49 is the nucleotide sequence of an exemplary forward primer, reverse primer, probe, or nucleotide sequencing primer of the present invention.

The Oligonucleotides of the Present Invention

The present invention includes an isolated oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions (see below) to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of (a) nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 515 through 537, nucleotides 662 through 686, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 838 through 854, nucleotides 846 through 877, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, nucleotides 1085 through 1099, nucleotides 1070 through 1095, nucleotides 1784 through 1804, nucleotides 1769 through 1783, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:6, or (b) nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1538 through 1559, nucleotides 1363 through 1387, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1216 through 1235, nucleotides 1172 through 1203, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, nucleotides 972 through 989, nucleotides 954 through 979, nucleotides 352 through 374, nucleotides 288 through 304, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:7.

Highly stringent hybridization conditions include the following conditions: 6×SSC and 65° C.; hybridization conditions described in Ausubel et al., 2002, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5^(th) edition, Volumes 1 and 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference; and hybridization conditions described in Ausubel et al., 1997, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Additionally, the present invention includes an isolated oligonucleotide, wherein, based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters (see below), the oligonucleotide is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of (a) nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 515 through 537, nucleotides 662 through 686, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 838 through 854, nucleotides 846 through 877, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, nucleotides 1085 through 1099, nucleotides 1070 through 1095, nucleotides 1784 through 1804, nucleotides 1769 through 1783, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:6, or (b) nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1538 through 1559, nucleotides 1363 through 1387, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1216 through 1235, nucleotides 1172 through 1203, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, nucleotides 972 through 989, nucleotides 954 through 979, nucleotides 352 through 374, nucleotides 288 through 304, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:7.

Pairwise nucleotide sequence alignments and determination of percent identities are performed using the default parameters of the Clustal V algorithm or the Clustal W algorithm, wherein both algorithms are incorporated into the Power Macintosh MegAlign 6.1 program (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.). The default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal V algorithm are as follows: Ktuple=1, gap penalty=3, window=5, and diagonals=5. The default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal W algorithm are as follows: gap penalty=10.00 and gap length=0.10. The Clustal V algorithm is described in Higgins et al., 1989, Fast and sensitive multiple sequence alignments on a microcomputer. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 5:151-153. The Clustal W algorithm is described in Thompson et al., 1994, CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22:4673-80.

In preferred embodiments, each of the oligonucleotides is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, from 12 to 24 nucleotides long, from 10 to 30 nucleotides long, from 15 to 25 nucleotides long, from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, or from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.

Preferably, each of the oligonucleotides comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49.

More preferably, each of the oligonucleotides consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49.

Advantageously, nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:41 are a, t, and g, respectively, nucleotides 13, 14, and 15 of SEQ ID NO:42 are c, a, and t, respectively, nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:48 are g, g, and t, respectively, and nucleotides 9, 10, and 11 of SEQ ID NO:49 are a, c, and c, respectively.

Oligonucleotide Combinations of the Present Invention

The present invention also is drawn to a composition (e.g., a reaction mixture or a kit) containing a forward primer and a reverse primer. In a preferred embodiment of the composition, the forward primer is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, or nucleotides 352 through 374 of SEQ ID NO:7, and the reverse primer is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, or nucleotides 1784 through 1804 of SEQ ID NO:6.

In an additional preferred embodiment of the composition, the forward primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, or nucleotides 352 through 374 of SEQ ID NO:7, and the reverse primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, or nucleotides-1784 through 1804 of SEQ ID NO:6.

Preferably, the combination comprises a first oligonucleotide probe or a second oligonucleotide probe, wherein the first oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1363 through 1387 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 1172 through 1203 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 954 through 979 of SEQ ID NO:13, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:15, and wherein the second oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 662 through 686 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 846 through 877 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 1070 through 1095 of SEQ ID NO:12, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:14.

Advantageously, the first oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1363 through 1387 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 1172 through 1203 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 954 through 979 of SEQ ID NO:13, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:15, and the second oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 662 through 686 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 846 through 877 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 1070 through 1095 of SEQ ID NO:12, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:14.

More preferably, the combination comprises a first sequencing primer or a second sequencing primer, wherein the first sequencing primer is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1538 through 1559, nucleotides 1216 through 1235, nucleotides 972 through 989, or nucleotides 288 through 304 of SEQ ID NO:7, and wherein the second sequencing primer is capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 515 through 537, nucleotides 838 through 854, nucleotides 1085 through 1099, or nucleotides 1769 through 1783 of SEQ ID NO:6.

Advantageously, the first sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1538 through 1559, nucleotides 1216 through 1235, nucleotides 972 through 989, or nucleotides 288 through 304 of SEQ ID NO:7, and the second sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 515 through 537, nucleotides 838 through 854, nucleotides 1085 through 1099, or nucleotides 1769 through 1783 of SEQ ID NO:6.

Most preferably, the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, a first or second oligonucleotide probe, and a first or second sequencing primer, wherein each of these oligonucleotides is described above.

The First Method of the Present Invention

The first method of the present invention, which is a method for determining whether a sample contains Aspergillus fumigatus, comprises the following steps:

(a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid from the sample, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein,

(b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon if the sample contains Aspergillus fumigatus, wherein, during production of the amplicon, the forward primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, and the reverse primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon consists of nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, or nucleotides 352 through 374 of SEQ ID NO:7, wherein the segment of the sense strand of the amplicon consists of nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, or nucleotides 1784 through 1804 of SEQ ID NO:6, and

(c) determining that the sample contains Aspergillus fumigatus if the amplicon is detected, or determining that the sample does not contain Aspergillus fumigatus if the amplicon is not detected.

Each of the forward primer and the reverse primer is preferably from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 12 to 24 nucleotides long.

Preferably, the forward primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, or nucleotides 352 through 374 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the forward primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, or SEQ ID NO:43. Most preferably, the forward primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, or SEQ ID NO:43.

Preferably, the reverse primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, or nucleotides 1784 through 1804 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the reverse primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:44, or SEQ ID NO:45. Most preferably, the reverse primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:44, or SEQ ID NO:45.

In preferred embodiments, in (b), the vessel contains a first oligonucleotide probe or a second oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon if the amplicon is produced in (b). Each of the first oligonucleotide probe and the second oligonucleotide probe is preferably from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.

In more preferred embodiments, the first oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1363 through 1387 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 1172 through 1203 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 954 through 979 of SEQ ID NO:13, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:15. Preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1363 through 1387 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 1172 through 1203 of SEQ ID NO:7, nucleotides 954 through 979 of SEQ ID NO:13, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:15. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:41, or SEQ ID NO:48. Most preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:41, or SEQ ID NO:48. Advantageously, nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:41 are a, t, and g, respectively, and nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:48 are g, g, and t, respectively.

Additionally, in more preferred embodiments, the second oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 662 through 686 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 846 through 877 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 1070 through 1095 of SEQ ID NO:12, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:14. Preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 662 through 686 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 846 through 877 of SEQ ID NO:6, nucleotides 1070 through 1095 of SEQ ID NO:12, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:14. More preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:42, or SEQ ID NO:49. Most preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:42, or SEQ ID NO:49. Advantageously, nucleotides 13, 14, and 15 of SEQ ID NO:42 are c, a, and t, respectively, and nucleotides 9, 10, and 11 of SEQ ID NO:49 are a, c, and c, respectively.

The Second Method of the Present Invention

The second method of the present invention, which is a method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, comprises the following steps:

(a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 54 of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 54 of SEQ ID NO:2 consists of nucleotides 512, 513, and 514 of SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 54 of SEQ ID NO:2 consists of nucleotides 1535, 1536, and 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9,

(b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon,

(c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b),

(d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 512 or 513 of SEQ ID NO:8, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1536 or 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9, and

(e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 512 or 513 of SEQ ID NO:8 is not g, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 512 and 513 of SEQ ID NO:8 are both g, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1536 or 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9 is not c, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1536 and 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9 are both c.

Each of the forward primer and the reverse primer is preferably from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 12 to 24 nucleotides long.

In (b), the forward primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1551 through 1574 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the forward primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1551 through 1574 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the forward primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. Most preferably, the forward primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16.

Additionally, in (b), the reverse primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 720 through 743 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the reverse primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 720 through 743 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the reverse primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. Most preferably, the reverse primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.

Each of the first sequencing primer and the second sequencing primer is preferably from 10 to 30 nucleotides long, more preferably from 15 to 25 nucleotides long.

The first sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1538 through 1559 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the first sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1538 through 1559 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the first sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21. Most preferably, the first sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21.

Additionally, the second sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 515 through 537 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the second sequencing is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 515 through 537 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the second sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, or SEQ ID NO:25. Most preferably, the second sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, or SEQ ID NO:25.

In preferred embodiments, in (b), the vessel contains a first oligonucleotide probe or a second oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon produced in (b). Each of the first oligonucleotide probe and the second oligonucleotide probe is preferably from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.

In more preferred embodiments, the first oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1363 through 1387 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1363 through 1387 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26. Most preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

Additionally, in more preferred embodiments, the second oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 662 through 686 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 662 through 686 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. Most preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:27.

The Third Method of the Present Invention

The third method of the present invention, which is a method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, comprises the following steps:

(a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 138 of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 138 of SEQ ID NO:3 consists of nucleotides 835, 836, and 837 of SEQ ID NO:10, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 138 of SEQ ID NO:3 consists of nucleotides 1212, 1213, and 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11,

(b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon,

(c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b),

(d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 835 or 836 of SEQ ID NO:10, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1213 or 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11, and

(e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 835 or 836 of SEQ ID NO:10 is not g, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 835 and 836 of SEQ ID NO:10 are both g, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1213 or 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11 is not c, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1213 and 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11 are both c.

Each of the forward primer and the reverse primer is preferably from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 12 to 24 nucleotides long.

In (b), the forward primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1304 through 1327 or nucleotides 1257 through 1277 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the forward primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1304 through 1327 or nucleotides 1257 through 1277 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the forward primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:29. Most preferably, the forward primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:29.

Additionally, in (b), the reverse primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 903 through 923 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the reverse primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 903 through 923 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the reverse primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:30. Most preferably, the reverse primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:30.

Each of the first sequencing primer and the second sequencing primer is preferably from 10 to 30 nucleotides long, more preferably from 15 to 25 nucleotides long.

The first sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1216 through 1235 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the first sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1216 through 1235 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the first sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:31. Most preferably, the first sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:31.

Additionally, the second sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 838 through 854 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the second sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 838 through 854 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the second sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:32. Most preferably, the second sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:32.

In preferred embodiments, in (b), the vessel contains a first oligonucleotide probe or a second oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon produced in (b). Each of the first oligonucleotide probe and the second oligonucleotide probe is preferably from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.

In more preferred embodiments, the first oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1172 through 1203 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1172 through 1203 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33. Most preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33.

Additionally, in more preferred embodiments, the second oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 846 through 877 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 846 through 877 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:34. Most preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:34.

The Fourth Method of the Present Invention

The fourth method of the present invention, which is a method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, comprises the following steps:

(a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 220 of SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 220 of SEQ ID NO:4 consists of nucleotides 1081, 1082, and 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 220 of SEQ ID NO:4 consists of nucleotides 966, 967, and 968 of SEQ ID NO:13,

(b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon,

(c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b),

(d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1081, 1082, or 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 966, 967, or 968 of SEQ ID NO:13, and

(e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1081, 1082, or 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12 is not a, t, or g, respectively, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1081, 1082, and 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12 are a, t, and g, respectively, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 966, 967, or 968 of SEQ ID NO:13 is not c, a, or t, respectively, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 966, 967, and 968 of SEQ ID NO:13 are c, a, and t, respectively.

Each of the forward primer and the reverse primer is preferably from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 12 to 24 nucleotides long.

In (b), the forward primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1062 through 1084 or nucleotides 983 through 1002 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the forward is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide, and wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1062 through 1084 or nucleotides 983 through 1002 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the forward primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 or SEQ ID NO:36. Most preferably, the forward primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 or SEQ ID NO:36.

Additionally, in (b), the reverse primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1212 through 1235 or nucleotides 1107 through 1129 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the reverse primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1212 through 1235 or nucleotides 1107 through 1129 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the reverse primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 or SEQ ID NO:38. Most preferably, the reverse primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 or SEQ ID NO:38.

Each of the first sequencing primer and the second sequencing primer is preferably from 10 to 30 nucleotides long, more preferably from 15 to 25 nucleotides long.

The first sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 972 through 989 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the first sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of 972 through 989 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the first sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:39. Most preferably, the first sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:39.

Additionally, the second sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1085 through 1099 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the second sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1085 through 1099 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the second sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:40. Most preferably, the second sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:40.

In preferred embodiments, in (b), the vessel contains a first oligonucleotide probe or a second oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon produced in (b). Each of the first oligonucleotide probe and the second oligonucleotide probe is preferably from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.

In more preferred embodiments, the first oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 954 through 979 of SEQ ID NO:13. Preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 954 through 979 of SEQ ID NO:13. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. Most preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. Advantageously, nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:41 are a, t, and g, respectively.

Additionally, in more preferred embodiments, the second oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1070 through 1095 of SEQ ID NO:12. Preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1070 through 1095 of SEQ ID NO:12. More preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. Most preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. Advantageously, nucleotides 13, 14, and 15 of SEQ ID NO:42 are c, a, and t, respectively.

The Fifth Method of the Present Invention

The fifth method of the present invention, which is a method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus, comprises the following steps:

(a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 448 of SEQ ID NO:5, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 448 of SEQ ID NO:5 consists of nucleotides 1765, 1766, and 1767 of SEQ ID NO:14, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 448 of SEQ ID NO:5 consists of nucleotides 282, 283, and 284 of SEQ ID NO:15,

(b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon,

(c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b),

(d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1765 or 1766 of SEQ ID NO:14, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 283 or 284 of SEQ ID NO:15, and

(e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1765 or 1766 of SEQ ID NO:14 is not g, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1765 and 1766 of SEQ ID NO:14 are both g, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 283 or 284 of SEQ ID NO:15 is not c, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 283 and 284 of SEQ ID NO:15 are both c.

Each of the forward primer and the reverse primer is preferably from 8 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 12 to 24 nucleotides long.

In (b), the forward primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 352 through 374 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the forward primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 352 through 374 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the forward primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:43. Most preferably, the forward primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:43.

Additionally, in (b), the reverse primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1784 through 1804 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the reverse primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1784 through 1804 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the reverse primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:44 or SEQ ID NO:45. Most preferably, the reverse primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:44 or SEQ ID NO:45.

Each of the first sequencing primer and the second sequencing primer is preferably from 10 to 30 nucleotides long, more preferably from 15 to 25 nucleotides long.

The first sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 288 through 304 of SEQ ID NO:7. Preferably, the first sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 288 through 304 of SEQ ID NO:7. More preferably, the first sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. Most preferably, the first sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:46.

Additionally, the second sequencing primer advantageously is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1769 through 1783 of SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the second sequencing primer is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1769 through 1783 of SEQ ID NO:6. More preferably, the second sequencing primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. Most preferably, the second sequencing primer consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.

In preferred embodiments, in (b), the vessel contains a first oligonucleotide probe or a second oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon produced in (b). Each of the first oligonucleotide probe and the second oligonucleotide probe is preferably from 15 to 50 nucleotides long, more preferably from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.

In more preferred embodiments, the first oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:15. Preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:15. More preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. Most preferably, the first oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. Advantageously, nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:48 are g, g, and t, respectively.

Additionally, in more preferred embodiments, the second oligonucleotide probe is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:14. Preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe is at least 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to, or is 100% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, wherein the segment consists of nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:14. More preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:49. Most preferably, the second oligonucleotide probe consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:49. Advantageously, nucleotides 9, 10, and 11 of SEQ ID NO:49 are a, c, and c, respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a positive-control plasmid-dilution detection range and analysis of clinical samples by real-time polymerase chain reactions. FIG. 1A illustrates normalized fluorescence curves of the positive-control plasmid containing a 269 base pair-long fragment of cyp51A of Aspergillus fumigatus, which was quantified using PicoGreen and diluted 10-fold from 10⁸ to 10 copies per reaction in the presence of 500 ng of human DNA (respective CT curves for each 10-fold dilution, in duplicate, from left to right; r²=0.997). FIG. 1B shows normalized fluorescence curves of three concentrations of the positive-control plasmid (dashed curves; r²=0.999), a negative control, and 32 DNA extracts from whole-blood samples. One positive specimen (solid curve) was detected with a calculated concentration of nine copies per reaction.

FIG. 2 illustrates representative pyrosequencing data, in diagrams called pyrograms, from positive controls and clinical samples. FIG. 2A shows a pyrogram illustrating a pyrosequencing analysis of an amplicon generated by the polymerase chain reaction from a wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus isolate. FIG. 2B shows a pyrogram illustrating a pyrosequencing analysis of an amplicon generated by the polymerase chain reaction from the positive clinical sample described in FIG. 1B. The best-quality sequence is presented under each pyrogram, and the codon encoding amino acid 54 is boxed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following examples are examples of the first and second methods of the present invention. Specifically, these examples illustrates the use of (a) two specific oligonucleotides of the present invention (i.e., one forward primer and one reverse primer) to produce an amplicon specific to cyp51A of Aspergillus fumigatus by the polymerase chain reaction using nucleic acid isolated from a sample as a template, (b) a specific oligonucleotide of the present invention (i.e., a probe) to detect this amplicon, thereby determining that an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus was present in the sample, and (c) a specific oligonucleotide of the present invention (i.e., a sequencing primer) to determine that the identity of amino acid 54 of the Cyp51A protein is Gly. These examples are set forth by way of illustration only, and nothing therein shall be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

A region of cyp51A of Aspergillus fumigatus 269 base pairs in length was amplified using the Rotor-Gene 3000 platform (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). A dual-labeled DNA probe was employed for real-time monitoring of amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”). The PCRs were carried out in a volume of 25 μl containing a 300 nM concentration of each primer (forward primer: 5′-TCATTGGGTCCCATTTCTGGGTAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:16), reverse primer: 5′-biotin/TAGACCTCTTCCGCATTGACATCC-3′) (SEQ ID NO:17 with the addition of a biotin moiety), 100 nM probe (5′-6-FAM/AAACCACAGTCTACCTGGGCGTTCA/BHQ-1-3′) (nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26 with the addition of a 6-FAM moiety and a BHQ-1 moiety, wherein the 6-FAM moiety is 6-carboxy-fluorescein and the BHQ-1 moiety is Black Hole Quencher 1), and 12.5 μl of a 2× concentration of Platinum Quantitative PCR Supermix-UDG (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Parameters for the PCRs were as follows: an initial incubation at 50° C. for 2 minutes for UDG activity followed by 95° C. for 2 minutes to inactivate the UDG and activate the Taq DNA polymerase. Next, 45 cycles of denaturation (95° C., 20 seconds) and annealing and extension (60° C., 60 seconds) were performed with fluorescence acquisition (excitation, 470 nM; emission, 510 nM) immediately following each annealing-extension step. A final extension (72° C., 10 minutes) was performed.

Fluorescence curves were analyzed with dynamic-tube normalization, slope correction, and automatic threshold determination by a best-fit line of at least three standards using Rotor-Gene version 5.0 software (Corbett Research, Sydney, Australia). The specificity of the real-time PCR was assessed by carrying out the reaction with DNA from a panel of 44 different species of viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus SRRC 2006, Aspergillus flavus MC 21, Aspergillus nidulans NRRL 187, Aspergillus niger SN 26, Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 1989, Aspergillus terreus NRRL 255, and Aspergillus versicolor NRRL 238. All isolated cultures were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. DNA was extracted using standard methods described in Ausubel et al., 1997, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. Only DNA from Aspergillus fumigatus was amplified (data not shown).

A positive-control plasmid was constructed by subcloning, into the pCR II-TOPO vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), the amplicon generated by PCR using genomic DNA extracted from isolated Aspergillus fumigatus as a template. The linear detection range was from 10⁸ to 10 copies of positive-control plasmid per reaction in the presence of 500 ng of DNA extracted from Aspergillus-negative whole-blood samples (see FIG. 1A). All extractions of whole blood were performed as described in Van Burik et al., 1998, Panfungal PCR assay for detection of fungal infection in human blood specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36:1169-1175, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The real-time PCR was also able to detect 50 μg of mycelia from a freeze-dried culture of Aspergillus fumigatus (purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) spiked into 1-ml whole-blood samples from two healthy donors with no clinical symptoms of aspergillosis, using the donors' nonspiked whole blood as negative controls (data not shown).

To assess the functionality of the real-time PCR with actual clinical samples, DNA extracts from 56 whole-blood samples obtained from different patients and three dilutions of the positive-control plasmid were used as templates (see FIG. 1B). Aspergillus fumigatus DNA was detected in 2 of the 56 samples, which correlates with the results obtained from an independent Aspergillus fumigatus conventional PCR assay targeting the 26S/internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene region as described in Spreadbury et al., 1993, Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31:615-621. Neither PCR assay generated a positive result for the other 54 samples. The quality of clinical-sample DNA and the absence of PCR inhibitors were validated by amplification of the human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene by real-time PCR (Biosearch Technologies, Novato, Calif.) (data not shown).

The nucleotide sequences of amplicons generated from real-time PCR were determined using a bioluminometric, nonelectrophoretic technique called pyrosequencing, which utilizes a cascade of coupled enzymatic reactions to monitor DNA synthesis. The pyrosequencing method is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,210,891 and 6,258,568, wherein the entire contents of both patents are hereby incorporated by reference, and Ronaghi et al., 1998, A sequencing method based on real-time pyrophosphate. Science 281:363-365, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The pyrosequencing technique has the advantages of speed, accuracy, and parallel processing. The 5′ end of the reverse primer used in the PCR was biotinylated to facilitate amplicon capture and preparation for pyrosequencing directly from the PCR using streptavidin Sephadex (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) and the Pyrosequencing Vacuum Prep tool (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden).

For the pyrosequencing reaction, a 0.5 μM concentration of the sequencing primer (5′-TCTGGGTAGTACCATCAGT-3′) (SEQ ID NO:18) was used. This sequencing primer possesses a unique sequence found within the amplicon upstream from the codon which encodes the amino acid corresponding to the amino acid at position 54 of the Cyp51A protein. A Pyrosequencing 96MA System (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden) was programmed with 10 cycles of an AGCT dispensation order. The resulting pyrosequencing data was analyzed with the PSQ 96MA version 2.1 software (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden). The best-quality DNA sequences resolved were used in subsequent analyses. Typically, 19 to 24 bases of sequence were interpretable when genomic DNA extracted from isolated Aspergillus fumigatus was used (see FIG. 2A). The lengths of the best-quality sequences were significantly shorter from clinical samples but provided enough sequence to identify the target and determine the codon for the amino acid at position 54 (see FIG. 2B). All nucleotide sequences obtained by pyrosequencing were identical to the expected nucleotide sequence of cyp51A of Aspergillus fumigatus.

The data presented in these examples justify expansion of the pyrosequencing analysis of cyp51A to determine other sites of mutation conferring tolerance to triazoles, including the codons encoding amino acids corresponding to the amino acid at position 138 of SEQ ID NO:3 (as described in the third method of the present invention), the amino acid at position 220 of SEQ ID NO:4 (as described in the fourth method of the present invention), and the amino acid at position 448 of SEQ ID NO:5 (as described in the fifth method of the present invention). Nucleotide sequences of oligonucleotides potentially useful as forward and reverse primers, probes, and nucleotide sequencing primers are determined using computer programs such as Assay Design Software 1.0.6 (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden) and Beacon Designer 4.02 (Build 402003) (PREMIER Biosoft International, Palo Alto, Calif.). 

1. An isolated oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing, under highly stringent hybridization conditions, to at least a portion of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of: (a) nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 515 through 537, nucleotides 662 through 686, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 838 through 854, nucleotides 846 through 877, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, nucleotides 1085 through 1099, nucleotides 1070 through 1095, nucleotides 1784 through 1804, nucleotides 1769 through 1783, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:6, or (b) nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1538 through 1559, nucleotides 1363 through 1387, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1216 through 1235, nucleotides 1172 through 1203, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, nucleotides 972 through 989, nucleotides 954 through 979, nucleotides 352 through 374, nucleotides 288 through 304, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:7, wherein the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 is a sense-strand nucleotide sequence encoding a Cyp51A protein of Aspergillus fumigatus, and wherein the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
 2. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long.
 3. The oligonucleotide of claim 2, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 12 to 24 nucleotides long.
 4. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 10 to 30 nucleotides long.
 5. The oligonucleotide of claim 4, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 15 to 25 nucleotides long.
 6. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 15 to 50 nucleotides long.
 7. The oligonucleotide of claim 6, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.
 8. The oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49.
 9. The oligonucleotide of claim 8, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:41 are a, t, and g, respectively, wherein nucleotides 13, 14, and 15 of SEQ ID NO:42 are c, a, and t, respectively, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:48 are g, g, and t, respectively, and wherein nucleotides 9, 10, and 11 of SEQ ID NO:49 are a, c, and c, respectively.
 10. The oligonucleotide of claim 8, wherein the oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49.
 11. The oligonucleotide of claim 10, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:41 are a, t, and g, respectively, wherein nucleotides 13, 14, and 15 of SEQ ID NO:42 are c, a, and t, respectively, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:48 are g, g, and t, respectively, and wherein nucleotides 9, 10, and 11 of SEQ ID NO:49 are a, c, and c, respectively.
 12. An isolated oligonucleotide, wherein, based on the Clustal V or W alignment method using the default parameters, the oligonucleotide is at least 50% identical to the reverse complement of a segment of a polynucleotide, wherein the segment consists of: (a) nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 515 through 537, nucleotides 662 through 686, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 838 through 854, nucleotides 846 through 877, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, nucleotides 1085 through 1099, nucleotides 1070 through 1095, nucleotides 1784 through 1804, nucleotides 1769 through 1783, or nucleotides 1754 through 1775 of SEQ ID NO:6, or (b) nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1538 through 1559, nucleotides 1363 through 1387, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1216 through 1235, nucleotides 1172 through 1203, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, nucleotides 972 through 989, nucleotides 954 through 979, nucleotides 352 through 374, nucleotides 288 through 304, or nucleotides 274 through 295 of SEQ ID NO:7, wherein the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 is a sense-strand nucleotide sequence encoding a Cyp51A protein of Aspergillus fumigatus, and wherein the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 is the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
 13. The oligonucleotide of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 8 to 50 nucleotides long.
 14. The oligonucleotide of claim 13, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 12 to 24 nucleotides long.
 15. The oligonucleotide of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 10 to 30 nucleotides long.
 16. The oligonucleotide of claim 15, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 15 to 25 nucleotides long.
 17. The oligonucleotide of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 15 to 50 nucleotides long.
 18. The oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the oligonucleotide is from 25 to 35 nucleotides long.
 19. The oligonucleotide of claim 12, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49.
 20. The oligonucleotide of claim 19, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:41 are a, t, and g, respectively, wherein nucleotides 13, 14, and 15 of SEQ ID NO:42 are c, a, and t, respectively, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:48 are g, g, and t, respectively, and wherein nucleotides 9, 10, and 11 of SEQ ID NO:49 are a, c, and c, respectively.
 21. The oligonucleotide of claim 19, wherein the oligonucleotide consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49.
 22. The oligonucleotide of claim 21, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:41 are a, t, and g, respectively, wherein nucleotides 13, 14, and 15 of SEQ ID NO:42 are c, a, and t, respectively, wherein nucleotides 12, 13, and 14 of SEQ ID NO:48 are g, g, and t, respectively, and wherein nucleotides 9, 10, and 11 of SEQ ID NO:49 are a, c, and c, respectively.
 23. A method for determining whether a sample contains Aspergillus fumigatus comprising: (a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid from the sample, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, (b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon if the sample contains Aspergillus fumigatus, wherein, during production of the amplicon, the forward primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon, and the reverse primer is capable of hybridizing to at least a portion of a segment of the sense strand of the amplicon, wherein the segment of the antisense strand of the amplicon consists of nucleotides 1551 through 1574, nucleotides 1304 through 1327, nucleotides 1257 through 1277, nucleotides 1062 through 1084, nucleotides 983 through 1002, or nucleotides 352 through 374 of SEQ ID NO:7, and the segment of the sense strand of the amplicon consists of nucleotides 720 through 743, nucleotides 903 through 923, nucleotides 1212 through 1235, nucleotides 1107 through 1129, or nucleotides 1784 through 1804 of SEQ ID NO:6, and (c) determining that the sample contains Aspergillus fumigatus if the amplicon is detected, or determining that the sample does not contain Aspergillus fumigatus if the amplicon is not detected.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein, in (b), the vessel contains an oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon if the amplicon is produced in (b).
 25. A method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus comprising: (a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 54 of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 54 of SEQ ID NO:2 consists of nucleotides 512, 513, and 514 of SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 54 of SEQ ID NO:2 consists of nucleotides 1535, 1536, and 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9, (b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon, (c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b), (d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 512 or 513 of SEQ ID NO:8, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1536 or 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9, and (e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 512 or 513 of SEQ ID NO:8 is not g, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 512 and 513 of SEQ ID NO:8 are both g, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1536 or 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9 is not c, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1536 and 1537 of SEQ ID NO:9 are both c.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein, in (b), the vessel contains an oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon if the amplicon is produced in (b).
 27. A method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus comprising: (a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 138 of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 138 of SEQ ID NO:3 consists of nucleotides 835, 836, and 837 of SEQ ID NO:10, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 138 of SEQ ID NO:3 consists of nucleotides 1212, 1213, and 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11, (b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon, (c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b), (d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 835 or 836 of SEQ ID NO:10, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1213 or 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11, and (e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 835 or 836 of SEQ ID NO:10 is not g, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 835 and 836 of SEQ ID NO:10 are both g, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1213 or 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11 is not c, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1213 and 1214 of SEQ ID NO:11 are both c.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein, in (b), the vessel contains an oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon if the amplicon is produced in (b).
 29. A method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus comprising: (a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 220 of SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 220 of SEQ ID NO:4 consists of nucleotides 1081, 1082, and 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 220 of SEQ ID NO:4 consists of nucleotides 966, 967, and 968 of SEQ ID NO:13, (b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon, (c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b), (d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1081, 1082, or 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 966, 967, or 968 of SEQ ID NO:13, and (e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1081, 1082, or 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12 is not a, t, or g, respectively, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1081, 1082, and 1083 of SEQ ID NO:12 are a, t, and g, respectively, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 966, 967, or 968 of SEQ ID NO:13 is not c, a, or t, respectively, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 966, 967, and 968 of SEQ ID NO:13 are c, a, and t, respectively.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein, in (b), the vessel contains an oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon if the amplicon is produced in (b).
 31. A method for determining whether an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus is more tolerant to a triazole than wild-type Aspergillus fumigatus comprising: (a) providing a vessel containing a composition, wherein the composition contains a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a nucleic acid isolated from the isolate, wherein the composition is capable of amplifying, by a polymerase chain reaction, a segment of the nucleic acid to produce an amplicon, wherein production of the amplicon is primed by the forward primer and the reverse primer, wherein the amplicon encodes at least a portion of a Cyp51A protein, wherein the sense strand of the amplicon contains at least the first nucleotide of the codon corresponding to the codon encoding amino acid 448 of SEQ ID NO:5, wherein the codon encoding amino acid 448 of SEQ ID NO:5 consists of nucleotides 1765, 1766, and 1767 of SEQ ID NO:14, wherein the reverse complement of the codon encoding amino acid 448 of SEQ ID NO:5 consists of nucleotides 282, 283, and 284 of SEQ ID NO:15, (b) incubating the vessel under conditions allowing production of the amplicon, (c) isolating the antisense strand of the amplicon or the sense strand of the amplicon produced in (b), (d) if the antisense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a first sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the antisense strand and capable of being extended during a first nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the first nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1765 or 1766 of SEQ ID NO:14, or if the sense strand of the amplicon is isolated in (c), then (1) providing a second sequencing primer capable of hybridizing to the sense strand and capable of being extended during a second nucleotide sequencing reaction, and (2) identifying, by conducting the second nucleotide sequencing reaction, the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 283 or 284 of SEQ ID NO:15, and (e) if the first nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 1765 or 1766 of SEQ ID NO:14 is not g, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1765 and 1766 of SEQ ID NO:14 are both g, or if the second nucleotide sequencing reaction is conducted in (d), then determining that the isolate is more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotide corresponding to nucleotide 283 or 284 of SEQ ID NO:15 is not c, or determining that the isolate is not more tolerant to the triazole if the nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 283 and 284 of SEQ ID NO:15 are both c.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein, in (b), the vessel contains an oligonucleotide probe capable of detecting the amplicon if the amplicon is produced in (b). 